Medically reviewed by Veronica Hackethal | MD, MSc , Harvard University | University of Oxford | Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons on April 23rd, 2026
Vitamin B12 cannot be made in the body, therefore, it must be obtained from the diet
Most patients find the injections quite comfortable, with minimal discomfort lasting only seconds
A large portion of our immune system resides within our digestive tract
The wound healing cascade and GHK-Cu: Normal wound healing occurs in four overlapping phases: Hemostasis clotting Inflammation immune cell recruitment Proliferation new tissue formation Remodeling scar maturation GHK-Cu appears to favorably influence phases 2, 3, and 4 simultaneously: In the inflammatory phase , it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-) while preserving necessary immune signaling In the proliferative phase , it stimulates keratinocyte migration and fibroblast proliferation, accelerating epithelial coverage In the remodeling phase , it promotes type I collagen deposition over type III (scar) collagen, leading to better scar outcomes This multi-phase tissue repair activity makes GHK-Cu a compound of interest when studied alongside other regenerative peptides
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