Prescription Drug Abuse by Adolescents Despite the importance of prescription drug abuse, social science research on its causes is relatively sparse
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For example, alteration in genomic and mitochondrial (mt) DNA or oxidative stress parameters, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) 15 , can be considered as popular biomarkers as responsive to tobacco smoking
However, there are still limitations in exploring the mechanisms of these methods, and their clinical translation remains a significant challenge in the future
Adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds may also be disproportionately exposed to pro-vaping environments, including retail outlets and social media advertising [33, 34]
Smoking has negative effects on sexual health as well